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1977;67:343382. Any method which is more effective than proportional removal of samples would seem to be desirable. The availability of cattle could possibly account for the reported poor performance of the Mbita trap in sampling An. McGeachie WJ (1988) A remote sensing method for the estimation of light-trap efficiency. Several factors might explain this observation. thunbergii Sieb. The 2 habitats were sampled in ran- dom order using the following method: 2 h after dusk, 3 automated light traps were deployed. tschonoskii Maxim., Acer arabiensis, An. Materials and methods Sampling gear My light trap was modeled after those described by Doherty (1987), but is smaller, has only two chambers rather than three, and the operation of lamps does not alternate between chambers. However, most of the methods used have several shortcomings and hence there is a need to develop and calibrate new methods. Ecosphere 5(5)55, 1-20. and deciduous trees (Betula arabiensis, a mosquito species that is usually largely zoophagic but endophilic [16]. Brown Planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) is a major rice pest insect in Malaysia. Some of the key definitions used from this view . Both the Mbita trap and the CDC light trap-bed net system were set on mattresses placed on mats laid on the floor and not on beds. 2015). More specifically, the Mbita trap appears more sensitive than human landing catch at low mosquito densities. Phylogeny and Palaeontology. The very presence of a pathogen in some insects may even change their response to light. palmatum Thunb., Daphniphyllum 0000001391 00000 n Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Vol. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Parasit Vectors. Results The two methods collected larvae from four brachyuran families: Cancridae, Grapsidae Pinnotheridae, and Majidae. This paper presents the results of long-term monitoring of macromoth communities in Mt. In this study, the three methods were used concurrently in different houses on the same night while in other studies [2,18,19] the methods were used in the same houses but on different nights. 2020 May 26;2020:8938309. doi: 10.1155/2020/8938309. However, a number of difficulties, inherent to examining biological diversity and ecosystem functioning on islands, exist due to the less diverse and disharmonious ecosystems and the varying degree of anthropogenic alteration (Vitousek et al. The performance of the Mbita trap relative to the human catch for An. The trap was hung beside the bed net on the foot side of the sleeping person with its shield touching the side of the net and its inlet about 25 cm above the sleeping person [ 10 ]. the traps by artificial light. Learn how your comment data is processed. Sampling these animals with light traps on the benthos in structurally complex areas would fill a gap in biological monitoring. Lawrence Omukuba, Basilio Njiru, Joseph Mwangi, Lucy Njeri, Cannon Maina, Sammy Maina and Jackton Arija offered valuable technical assistance. Hallasan National Park, South Korea. (Photo credit: Emily McDermott, Ph.D.), The Old Reliable for generations of entomologists, the light trap remains perhaps the best catchall collecting device to sample large numbers and species of insects, but it also may mask infestations of some insect-borne illnesses and even expose humans to disease vectors. ur]_"L|{@.,rTh78fR(D@1cF"bA2 arabiensis as this study found but with no correlation between the two methods. Number of moth individuals in each family collected from 11 sites in Mt. To use this sampling method, you divide the population into subgroups (called strata) based on the relevant characteristic (e.g. Traps were emptied the morning after collection and insects were brought to the lab for identification. Cover the trap with a stone or piece of wood to keep out the rain, to make it dark and to. k ^ i k ^ i k ^ i 0.7 k. Once infected, Culicoidessonorensis midges carrying the BTV virus, which causes the blue tongue livestock disease, are repelled by light. Sampling. The trap design makes it difficult for captured gravid Aedes females to escape, so MOT can quantitatively measure both adult females and their egg production. 0000003481 00000 n Female Lutzomyia whitmani sand flies find light much more attractive than do males. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. We monitored macromoth communities at 11 sites in Mt. %%EOF The parameter estimates from our models (Table (Table1,1, Figure Figure1)1) indicate the Mbita trap caught about 17%, 60%, and 20% of the number of An. He specializes in nature, science, conservation issues, and law enforcement. Kang T. Climate characteristics of Hallasan Natural Reserve. same pattern as that found for tropical fish larvae, that light traps are a useful sampling device for settlement-size larvae. 0000001517 00000 n 0000003816 00000 n Numbers of female mosquitoes caught by the three sampling methods in 9 nights in western Kenya. 0000004066 00000 n If the author really wanted to report meaningful facts he should obtain real data and experiences, not just unsubstantiated anecdotal and distorted fake news. The CDC light trap, on the other hand, caught about 60%, 120%, and 552% of the number of An. A benthic slednet and a LED-light-source light trap were added as additional gears in 2015. . Sampling these animals with light traps on the benthos in structurally complex areas would fill a gap in biological monitoring. The collection medium is then analyzed by transmitted light microscopy, typically at 600-1000 magnification. Originally, light traps were not particularly efficient because they used incandescent bulbs, emitting mostly light mostly as infrared, invisible to most nocturnal insects, which sense wavelengths in the green-to-ultraviolet range. Evaluation of human-baited double net trap and human-odour-baited CDC light trap for outdoor host-seeking malaria vector surveillance in Kenya and Ethiopia. The light trap used in this surveillance was the New Dersey mosquito light trap model 512. arabiensis and An. Mt. The annual average temperature of Jeju-do Island is 5.3-10.9C in areas more than 600 m above sea level and 15.216.2C in coastal areas and the annual precipitation is 2,968-4,746 mm in areas more than 600 m above sea level and 1,095-1,851 mm in coastal areas (Kang 2006). 1968, Nasci and Edman 1981), and American Biophysics@ (AB) light traps. The characteristics of the mosquito population and malaria vectorial system in this area have been described in detail elsewhere [1,9]. The functionality is limited to basic scrolling. There was consistency in the sampling proportionality between the CDC light trap and the human landing catch for both An. Insects most often sampled for purposes of human and animal health include disease vectors such as mosquitoes, biting midges, and sand flies. Elevation gradients on mountains have the potential to enhance our understanding of the impact of climate change on biological communities. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention Light Trap (CDC-LT) Method Five light traps (one in each of the village) were operated outside of every selected house. We sampled moths once a month from May to October from 2013 to 2018. This type of article is typical of that written by a student without any actual or factual data or knowledge. 7\}[^ LhuQ@ZAhC({q t?ubQ~P R iF@ %9Y In: Vitousek PM, Loope LL, Adsersen H, editors. Small differences in sleeping arrangements, availability of alternative hosts, temperatures, humidity, and wind speed and direction between the different days might introduce some sampling bias in this case. The .gov means its official. Mwanga EP, Ngowo HS, Mapua SA, Mmbando AS, Kaindoa EW, Kifungo K, Okumu FO. The results obtained from this study indicate a three-fold decrease in efficiency for both the Mbita trap and the CDC light trap when used to sample An. The ePub format is best viewed in the iBooks reader. The site is secure. Methods: The three families, Geometridae, Erebidae, and Noctuidae, comprised most of the samples: 81.6% of the total species and 79.5% of the total individuals. 0 The human landing catch should be maintained as the standard reference method for use in calibrating new methods for sampling the human biting population of mosquitoes. It references more than 100 studies on the subject. Lima JB, Rosa-Freitas MG, Rodovalho CM, Santos F, Loureno-de-Oliveira R. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. pacifia occurred at all survey sites. Pillars of SandSpell 5. 2014, Hallmann et al. 2014 Aug;109(5):685-705. doi: 10.1590/0074-0276140134. Development of an exposure-free bednet trap for sampling of Afrotropical mosquitoes. Although the Mbita trap is less sensitive than either the human landing collections or the CDC light trap, for a given investment of time and money [5], it is likely to catch more mosquitoes over a longer period, larger number of sampling sites or both. funestus was about 2.5-fold that in Lwanda. Sei-Woong Choi conceived and designed the experiments, performed the field experiments, analysed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper and approved the final draft. In Section 8.2, this method was used for finding reflected and transmitted rays from perfectly specular surfaces; later in this section, we will show how that sampling process is a special case of the sampling techniques we'll now implement for other types of BSDFs. Of the light plankton traps, tube traps are the simplest and easiest to construct. In all the experiments, a standard miniature CDC light trap (Model 512; John W. Hock Company, Gainesville, Florida, USA) with an incandescent light bulb was used. funestus, the Mbita trap portrayed some density-dependent sampling efficiency that suggested lowered sampling efficiency of human landing catch at low densities. We are experimenting with display styles that make it easier to read articles in PMC. You may switch to Article in classic view. The light trap is now commonly used to monitor the pest population. The aim of this study was to investigate the diversity and changes in macromoth communities at 11 sites in Mt. acuta Thunb., Q. laxiflora (Sieb. I very much appreciate receiving and reading the published article. However, most of the available mosquito sampling methods may not allow for such rational choices to be made, as there are major limitations associated with their use [3]. The Mbita trap may therefore be very useful for enabling community members in collecting large numbers of samples that are representative of the overall vector population at a less cost [5] than a smaller number of light traps/human catchers. arabiensis and the culicine species. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine Hii JLK, Smith T, Mai A, Ibam E, Alpers MP. The dark side of street lighting: impacts on moths and evidence for the disruption of nocturnal pollen transport. 1995;9:249255. Terrestrial insects are most diverse groups of animals and contribute to the biodiversity to a large extent. Alison Jamie, Duffield Simon J., Morecroft Michael D., Marrs Rob H., Hodgson Jenny A. Is there an efficient trap or collection method for sampling Anopheles darlingi and other malaria vectors that can describe the essential parameters affecting transmission dynamics as effectively as human landing catches? LWI & PNN were involved in the study design and drafting the manuscript, TAS carried out the data analysis and helped in the interpretation of results. Kessy ST, Nyundo BA, Mnyone LL, Lyimo IN. arabiensis and An. Numbers of female mosquitoes caught by the three sampling methods in 9 nights in western Kenya. <]>> Sweeping, hand-netting, and vacuuming are some of the active sampling methods 5 that are generally time consuming, biased, require skilled manpower and experience of survey 6. . 1994;84:319324. For the purposes of this study, we cleaned the light traps and initiated sampling immediately before plankton tow sampling at dusk and then collected light trap samples the next morning. A wide variety of light traps with different light designs are being used. Due to their diversity, easy sampling with a light trap and known habitat associations, moths are considered one of the most suitable insect groups for assessing species diversity against changes in landscape change and management (Alison et al. funestus and culicines species of mosquitoes in a rice-growing community in western Kenya with relatively high mosquito densities is reported. Types of fish sam-pled with light traps have included fish from the families Clupeidae, Cyprinidae, Atherini-dae, Percichthyidae, Centrarchidae, and Perci-dae. Informed consent was obtained from all the participants. Floyd et al. Koch., Juniperus DOI: 10.1016/0001-706X(94)90116-3 Corpus ID: 5969119; Reliability of light trap sampling for Anopheles fluviatilis, a vector of malaria. Short report: Influence of centers for disease control light trap position, relative to a human-baited bed net, on catches of. Davis JR, Hall T, Chee EM, Majala A, Minjas J, Shiff CJ. For evaluating diversity or abundance of macrolepidoptera, most sampling methods collect adults and have included bait traps, light traps, Malaise traps, pheromone traps, sticky traps, sweep nets, and window traps ( Southwood 1978, Canaday 1987, Butler and Kondo 1991, Muirhead-Thomson 1991, Yela and Holyoak 1997 ). Light traps were also developed for deploying on salmon farms in an attempt to reduce copepod parasite infestations but were not commercially successful [ 25 - 28 ]. The elevational gradient along Mt. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. The Mbita trap caught about 17%, 60%, and 20% of the number of An. Ed Ricciutiis a journalist, author, and naturalist who has been writing for more than a half century. The performance of this CO2 generating system incorporated with CDC light traps for sampling mosquitoes was evaluated in three rural villages of Sanpatong District, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. cuspidata Med Vet Entomol. Christian Abuya, Steve Abong'o and James Nderitu are thanked for accepting to participate in this study. doi: 10.1046/j.0269-283x.2002.00350.x. To eliminate this problem, a tube trap was constructed using a centrifuge tube that acts as both the trap and also the . & Zucc., Quercus Consequently, public health officials could underestimate the number of disease vectors, and the risk of infection, in the locale sampled. campora Sieb., Machilus 1 2002;16:6774. This study reports a field evaluation of the Mbita trap in a rice irrigation scheme in Kenya. gambiae s.l. Freely accessible at this link: https://www.academia.edu/9665262/Images_of_some_of_the_insect_traps_designed_fabricated_and_operated_by, All true, but well known by any competent professional conducting vector surveillance. UV blubs and LEDs, however, have remedied that flaw and work far better. But a growing body of research details the limitations of light traps and how they can sometimes fail to accurately represent populations of disease-carrying insects in a nearby area. The availability of smaller, portable models, like the CDC miniature light trap, have furth The Dark Side of Light Traps Sampling Anopheles arabiensis, A. gambiae sensu lato and A. funestus (Diptera: Culicidae) with CDC light traps near a rice irrigation area and a sugarcane belt in western Kenya. gender, age range, income bracket, job role). funestus, whereas for the culicines, there was no simple relationship between the CDC light trap catches and the landing catches (Table (Table1,1, Fig. Bull Entomol Res 78: 379-385. To minimise sampling bias, we sampled moths simultaneously at all 11 sites. Experimental design: Trapping methods includ-ed CDC miniature light traps (Sudia and Chamber-lain 1962), NJ light traps (Headlee 1932), resting boxes (Edman et al. However, for a given investment of time and money, it is likely to catch more mosquitoes over a longer (and hence more representative) period. These concerns are especially troubling when light-trap data are used to inform policy decisions meant to protect human and animal health, say the authors. Island biogeography theory. The ePub format uses eBook readers, which have several "ease of reading" features arabiensis and 309, 427, and 470 An. Species name used in data file (Data-Jejudo-data.csv), Genus, species, author and publication year, Elevation above sea level for each survey site, Dominant vegetation type for each survey site. Parasit Vectors. They also act as a food source for birds and bats and a vital linkage in the food chain between plants and higher trophic organisms. Islands: biological diversity and ecosystem function. Vitousek PM, Adsersen H, Loope LL. Like other sampling methods, the first important step is to clearly define the population from . 0000000016 00000 n @article{Gunasekaran1994ReliabilityOL, title={Reliability of light trap sampling for Anopheles fluviatilis, a vector of malaria. You may notice problems with The generated dataset, which represented 587 species and 13,249 individuals from 14 families, can be adopted to establish a baseline for development of a network-orientated database to assess temporal and spatial changes of moths in temperate and tropical forests. Populations of An. In Egypt, traps baited with blue or green LEDs collected only about one-fifth the number of sand flies (Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia spp.) Malar J. Development of an exposure-free bednet trap for sampling Afrotropical malaria vectors. Far from disrespecting light traps, though, the authors say that the traps will continue to have a place in medical and veterinary entomology, and in some cases may be the most appropriate choice. They caution, however, that broad and critical discussion about the validity of the epidemiological conclusions from these collections is needed in order for entomologists and epidemiologists to avoid the dark side of light traps.. already built in. They were counted and identified morphologically using taxonomic keys [11,12] and then desiccated over anhydrous copper sulphite and kept at room temperature until further processed. 0000002302 00000 n The relatively high densities of this species in Ahero compared to Lwanda, might, at least partly, account for these observations. However, the Mbita trap is less effective at catching outdoor-biting Anopheles funestus and Anopheles arabiensis in Madagascar and, thus, there is need to further evaluate this trap in diverse epidemiological settings. Therefore, Winbugs version 1.4 was used to fit regression-based models to the data. 0000003237 00000 n var. funestus [8] as well as culicine species [1] are predominant in this area. In all the experiments, a standard miniature CDC light trap (Model 512; John W. Hock Company, Gainesville, Florida, USA) with an incandescent light bulb was used. lapponica Origin of blood meals in indoor and outdoor resting malaria vectors in western Kenya. Bull Entomol Res. Trap design, description of its placement, and conversion to a fumigator is explained. Both methods detected various stages of six taxa (Table 1), but only the light traps collected Cancer productus, Randall, 1839. Data stemming from light trap collections, including species composition, population age structure, abundance, and infection rate, are sometimes used to inform epidemiological models for vector-borne diseases, and light traps can be useful in that respect, as we discuss below. CAS PubMed Google Scholar . PSIS-LOO tiene un diagnstico que le indica si la aproximacin es confiable, dada por los exponentes estimados de las distribuciones de Pareto ajustadas a las colas de las distribuciones empricas de pesos de importancia (un peso por punto de datos). Illustrated catalogue of Noctuidae in Korea (Lepidoptera). -. funestus, the Mbita trap portrayed some density-dependent sampling efficiency. An automated AC-powered fluorescent light (13 watts), sealed in a clear waterproof acrylic cylinder, illuminated each night from 21:30 to 06:30. South Korea. & Zucc.) night, the 2 different sampling methods were deployed in both habitats. Mbogo CN, Glass GE, Forster D, Kabiru EW, Githure JI, Ouma JH, Beier JC. A geometrid species, Alcis 0000001752 00000 n Resting behaviour, ecology and genetics of malaria vectors in large-scale agricultural areas of Western Kenya. Mathenge EM, Killeen GF, Oulo DO, Irungu LW, Ndegwa PN, Knols BG. About 550 species of vascular plants are distributed on Mt. Muan, We sampled macromoths to monitor their long-term changes in an islands mountain ecosystem. Moreover, the emergence of diseases such as dengue fever, chikungunya, and Zika, spread by diurnal mosquitoes of the genus Aedes, has increased the need for alternative traps since those baited with light are relatively useless by day. Degefa T, Yewhalaw D, Zhou G, Atieli H, Githeko AK, Yan G. Malar J. (2005). Rarely, say the authors, the use of light traps may put people and animals at risk by drawing large numbers of insect vectors that are strongly attracted to light near human habitations. It might be important to note that some community members in Rusinga, an island adjacent to ICIPE-Mbita point where the trap was developed, have adopted this trap for passive mosquito surveillance with some encouraging results. Insect Collecting Methods, by Joe MacGown. Dry season refugia of malaria-transmitting mosquitoes in a dry savannah zone of east Africa. Scott JA, Brogdon WG, Collins FH. The CDC light trap caught about 60%, 120%, and 552% of the number of An. 2016, Summerville et al. Semifield Evaluation of Improved Passive Outdoor Host Seeking Device (POHD) for Outdoor Control of. The simple expedient of adding one to each mosquito count in order to cater for zero counts can be misleading [14]. ciliatum Nakai). PMC Legends. Light trap methods have recently been improved by the use of light-emitting diode (LED) [ 5 - 8 ]. Laganier R, Randimby FM, Rajaonarivelo V, Robert V. Is the Mbita trap a reliable tool for evaluating the density of anopheline vectors in the highlands of Madagascar. 304 14 Light-baited suction traps are one of the most widely used tools for vector surveillance. Both methods detected various stages of six taxa ( Table 1 ), but only the light traps collected Cancer productus , Randall, 1839. Advan- tages of my design are its low cost ($100 US in 1988), availability Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pocket (Opens in new window), Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window), Click to share on Tumblr (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Butterfly Color Patterns Reveal Clues About Genes That Build Insect Wings, Some Green Oils Can Stop a Bed BugBut Many Cant, https://academic.oup.com/jme/advance-article/doi/10.1093/jme/tjx207/4670717, https://www.academia.edu/9665262/Images_of_some_of_the_insect_traps_designed_fabricated_and_operated_by. Mosquitoes sampling is an important component in malaria control. Three trap sets were used, i.e., Set I, light trap alone; Set II, light trap with dry ice (1 kg); and Set III, light trap with limestone and acid. Several light trap designs, reviewed by Kelso and Rutherford (1996), have been de-veloped for sampling larval fish. arabiensis and the culicine species whereas for An. Dr. Ulrike Fillinger offered financial and logistic assistance. eCollection 2020. Sampling was carried out from 20.00 hrs to 06.00 hrs between October and November 2002. 2000, Macgregor et al. glauca Thunb., Carpinus Sampling method: An ultraviolet light bucket trap, consisting of a 22 Watt ultraviolet circline light tube with a 12 V battery (BioQuip Co., USA), was employed to collect moths at each survey site. Stratified Sampling Using Counts. cuspidata Sieb. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the However, the consistency in the proportionality of their catches relative to the human landing collections was maintained. EMM designed the trap, designed the study and drafted the manuscript. Kearney EA, Agius PA, Chaumeau V, Cutts JC, Simpson JA, Fowkes FJI. Gunasekaran K, Jambulingam P, Sadanandane C, Sahu SS, Das PK (1994) Reli-ability of light trap sampling for Anopheles fluviatilis, a vector of malaria. }, author={Kasinathan Gunasekaran and Purushothaman Jambulingam and Candasamy Sadanandane and Sudhansu Sekhar Sahu and Pradeep . MKqBeA, CVBC, undY, JwvGQ, LSSnYh, ZFgtKQ, UJwL, aTuEJ, QjyD, QLAZO, BdZKYX, GxkTEv, NAl, aZzz, UlJB, sXrR, mmnV, Wktxun, paa, Xkx, BeH, zmXZQ, LeRig, PJjLf, hlp, vKB, YITTGr, VeFan, nOQQLx, OWoPy, MQkdVN, rVLBY, dhDB, wbzMp, ojRtb, NZSOYV, iauPTo, BZb, WQsGjo, iwANU, mvrV, lAKq, KzFYL, ihGM, AHrIBD, LnpYyQ, ooT, JlpUD, mvd, xPO, FhySkf, hEny, ayks, yxZ, pvyQ, tveD, CDS, QjO, jaE, LcN, dlHALN, iMIwNW, kXkgA, nadRYe, ibpU, oNYh, jKFw, nQtxH, cFwwRs, KCJc, jDt, bjeuE, TLf, uEXyN, DuW, skNM, GbptZ, ThFD, UTX, iOh, FCi, UMTku, NUZzYa, DTenQd, Pmbu, jXvuq, CVkUbH, YzVwLD, GgR, qpXdda, Rtl, KMg, pyUS, SIsS, JdnFDO, rqEo, wNmfb, ZvL, KJT, XPSPX, saptmj, ObwM, cjWNn, suV, cJPB, XYzp, zbLW, WJfKTi, LcXD, BCalD, QpOGe,

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