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There are several depictions of ribbon or cord holding the brim up. This article discusses the function of fashion as a form of cultural transfer in Europe-wide social processes between 1450 and 1950. 1540-1549, 16th century, artwork analysis. [31] Soft boots for riding fitted to mid-calf. They were made of soft leather, velvet, or silk. Antique Print 16th Century German Court Dress Nobility Fashion Germany Textiles | eBay Sleeves were a center of attention, and were puffed, slashed, cuffed, and turned back to reveal contrasting linings. . My next attempt was about 35 long and about 11 across at the widest part. [5], Linen shirts and chemises or smocks had full sleeves and often full bodies, pleated or gathered closely at neck and wrist. Schlappe - Arming cap; likely from the 16 th C German for defeat, referring to soldiers. 15th and Early 16th-Century Germany. Bright colors (reds, yellows, purples, pinks, and greens) were popular. These headdresses varied greatly in size and shape; from small upside down U shapes to very large almost ball shaped ones. n.d. Pattern for Men's Elizabethan Peascod Doublet and Trunkhose, Warhammer Fantasy - Open Wams II by Ring-A-Ding on DeviantArt, Doublet, Mahoitred style, 15th C. -MADE TO ORDER [BSD-FD2B] - $234.95, SP - Medieval - Musket Era - The Death of the Renaissance 1524-1546 [On Hold for Warband], Tailor's - Mme Chantberry, Lancknecht after Vecelio, part 1. Doublet sleeves became fuller rather than tight. This leaves a 13 square that is then sewn to the brim and the basic hat is complete. Trump Didn't Sing All The Words To The National Anthem At National Championship Game Haube - Woman's head covering; origin 10 th C German. Antique German Press Nobility Dress Costume Fashion Style 16th Century Germany | eBay + $19.38 shipping $45.02 + $15.70 shipping Hover to zoom Have one to sell? An overview of medieval fashion for common people in the 11th to 16th century. Fabric or chain girdles were worn at the waist and hung down to roughly knee length; a tassel or small prayer book or purse might be suspended from the girdle. Shoulders lost their padding and developed a slight slope. Unfortunately the cuff is a little hard to see in these pictures. The wulsthaube was covered with a steuchlein which varied from close fitting solid ones to looser sheer veils, sometimes with a pattern woven in. Fortunately, the art of the time tended toward extreme realism and many construction details can be seen in woodcuts and engravings. Print. Netherton, Robin, and Gale R. Owen-Crocker, editors, This page was last edited on 19 October 2022, at 19:59. Europe was also looking outward. Any of the hats depicted could be anything from a simple linen construction to an over-the-top confection of feathers, embroidery, velvet and gold. Unfortunately, the slashes just didnt do what I wanted them to do; they didnt splay open at all. This time however, I cut an 18 diameter circle of wool for the crown and a 14 diameter circle of linen for the lining. In this century inventions related to the fields of engineering, mining, navigation, and the military arts were prominent. 1540-1549, 16th century, artwork analysis. The caul appears to be a very simple soft cap worn by men. Web. This hat is generally less decorated. A History of Jewellery, 1100-1870. [16] The kirtle would most likely be laced, stiffened with buckram or sometimes reed, and made of wool. Shop online for tees, tops, hoodies, dresses, hats, leggings, and more. Stays also appeared during this period. The comments at the. In this restricted group three were preeminent. After cutting the slashes into the bottom layer I sewed all three together and cut the center hole. Previously they were constructed in two or three pieces with the seams running from brow to neck; these appear to be constructed with the seam running around the circumference of the head. Even within each type of hat, there is incredible variety. With the smooth, conical line of the skirt, the front of the kirtle or petticoat was displayed, and a decorated panel called a forepart, heavily embroidered and sometimes jeweled, was pinned to the petticoat or directly to the farthingale. The Schlappe: Burgher and Landsknecht Styles. Web. My second attempt was much more successful. While the example shown on Cardinal Albrecht appears to be of a stiffer material (likely felled wool) I have included it to show what I believe the construction lines to be. Sleeves were puffed and slashed, or elaborately cuffed. Sheer or opaque linen partlets were worn over the chemise or smock, and high-necked smocks began to appear; toward 1550 these might have a small standing collar with a ruffle, which would become the pleated ruff of the next period. 97-144 of 335 results for"16th Century Clothing" Price and other details may vary based on product size and color. In the 16th century gable headdress had long embroidered lappets framing the face and a loose veil behind; later the gable hood would be worn over several layers that completely concealed the hair, and the lappets and veil would be pinned up in a variety of ways. Unique to England was the gable hood, a wired headdress shaped like the gable of a house. http://www.thecuriousfrau.com Web. In France, England, and Flanders, the high waistline gradually descended to the natural waist in front (following Spanish fashion) and then to a V-shaped point. These hoods became more complex and structured over time. No gratuitous displays of cleavage however. Women applied mixtures of lemon juice, alum and white wine and sat in the sun to lighten their hair. 5 out of 5 stars (30) $ 410.00 FREE shipping Add to Favorites . Gown of Mary of Hapsburg, 1520's. The "second-oldest dress in Europe" dates from the 1520's, and is exhibited along with the robes of King Louis. From A Smile Among Friends. The front edge is folded under about 20 and the rest is gathered at the base of the neck and twisted. For the middle and lower classes, clothing would have been a much more practical affair. Over the smock, the kirtle would be worn. 1500-1509 Because these drawings were done from life subjects, they are quite valuable as resources for researching the clothing that women wore in the 17th century. This gown could be laced in the front or could sometimes be closed at the side of the bodice with hooks and eyes. Introduction. Wool, fustian & linen. A variety of hats, caps, hoods, hair nets, and other headdresses were worn, with strong regional variations. 16 Feb 2013, Reinhardt, Hans. The changes experienced in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries were nowhere more strongly felt than in German-speaking lands. and edited by Walter L. Strauss. See more ideas about 16th century, german outfit, renaissance. German bear-claw shoe, 1800s illustration, Polish boy's duckbill platform shoes, 1530, Duck-bill shoes of a Wittenberg pastor, 1546. (Im sure there is a name for it but I dont know what it is.) The German 'barett, with its turned-up brim, was fashionable throughout the period, and a similar hat with a turned-up round or "halo" brim was popular in the court of Henry VIII. The earlier cuffed sleeves evolved into trumpet sleeves, tight on the upper arm and flared below, with wide, turned back cuffs (often lined with fur) worn over full undersleeves that might match the decorated forepart. The 16th century witnessed further changes occurring in Europe. The Costume Technicians Handbook by Rosemary Ingham and Liz Covey. I then cut two 22 diameter circles of my face fabric and one of linen for the lining on the underside. Many farms kept bees for honey. Unless specifically noted, images used in the Timeline are not subject to this Creative Commons License applied to the written work from the Timeline. Skirts were trimmed with bands of contrasting fabric, but were closed all around. Tellerbarret - Plate hat; construct from Old French tailler and Old French birretta. Learn more Seller information pahlavi.london (9650) 100% Positive feedback Save this seller Jan 20, 2022 - Explore Milosh Djordjevic's board "16th century German fashion" on Pinterest. Back to the drawing board (this time with process pictures!). The British Museum, http://www.britishmuseum.org The Trustees of the British Museum. Unique 16th Century German clothing by independent designers from around the world. Between 1418 and 1436, the city was occupied by the Burgundians and English soldiers. [17] There are not many surviving pieces of clothing attributed to the lower classes, so most information is taken from portraits. Architect Lon Ginain helmed the project and in 1894, the building officially opened its doors in the 16th arrondissement. Tudor Towns Only a small part of the population of 16th century England lived in towns. RM R56JY3 - Costumes from Ancient history, 16th century, Germany. About 2,800 of the total were extremely small, with populations varying from 100 to 1,000. My first attempt was based on the standard three piece coif I have seen and made in the past. Antique Print German Nobility Dress Costume Fashion Style 16th Century Germany. The inner diameter is an oval about 5 wide and 7 long. Although towards the middle of the century barrets and hats began to be adopted by women, women always wore something on their heads. With the help of the costume renter, they could enjoy an ever-changing array of hats, tights, doublets, dresses, and shoes. The split brim barret appears in period depictions in an array of sizes and details as diverse as the tellerbarret. Print. RM 2A82PKE - Helm called Beckehnaube or Bassinet, late 16th century, with engraved decoration. Designed by Elegant Themes | Powered by WordPress, In 20th century, designer profile, LGBTQ+, In 2010-2019, 21st century, decade overview, In 1980-1989, 20th century, year overview, In 1870-1879, 19th century, artwork analysis, In 17th century, 18th century, 19th century, 20th century, A, Africa, BIPOC, term definition, In 1900-1909, 1910-1919, 20th century, blog, Gilbert Adrians evening dress is fashionable be, This 1862 French cream and mint silk day dress dem, Rose-Adlade Ducreuxs 1791 self-portrait dep, The foundation of womens dress in the 1450s con, For her 1840 wedding to Prince Albert, Queen Victo, The leg-of-mutton sleeve was worn by men and women, The Trs Riches Heures du Duc de Berry was an ill, This dramatic motorcycle-inspired bustier from Mug, Franz Winterhalters 1865 portrait of Empress El, The Jazz Age: American Style in the 1920s (2017), Addressing the Century: 100 Years of Art and Fashion (1998), 100 Dresses: The Costume Institute, The Metropolitan Museum of Art (2010), We Were There: Harlie Des Roches on the Black Presence in Renaissance Europe, Hymn to Apollo: The Ancient World and the Ballets Russes, Frida Kahlo: Appearances Can Be Deceiving, Grand Opening of the Museum of Historical Costume in Poznan, Poland, 1540 Attributed to Hans Brosamer, Katharina Merian, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. 2 Feb 2013, McNealy, Marion. I based the design on the 14th Century St Bridgit cap I have previously worn with my gothic era dress. Cuffs grew larger and were elaborately trimmed. There the revolutions of printing and the Protestant Reformation were first unleashed. Renaissance (Visual Encyclopaedia of Art). As shown in the images below, children's clothing was mostly smaller versions of adult clothing, complete with low necklines and cumbersome underthings. Once the circle for the crown was cut I marked a line 2.5 from the edge and then marked that line every 1 for my slashes. Evans, Joan. I then made the piece of fabric that goes between this assembly and the stuechlein to smooth everything out. Magdalena and Balthasar : An Intimate Portrait of Life in 16th Century Europe Revealed in the Letters of a Nuremberg Husband and Wife by Steven Ozment (Translator), The Burgermeisters Daughter : Scandal in a Sixteenth-Century German Town by Steven Ozment, When Fathers Ruled: Family Life in Reformation Europe (Studies in Cultural History) by Steven Ozment, Flesh and Spirit: Private Life in Early Modern Germany, by Steven Ozment, The Reformation in the Cities: The Appeal of Protestantism to Sixteenth-Century Germany and Switzerland, by Steven Ozment, Fugger News-Letters [FACSIMILE] (Hardcover) by Victor Von Klarwill (Editor), Luther on Women: A Sourcebook, by Susan C. Karant-Nunn, Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks, A Mighty Fortress : A New History of the German People, by Steven E. Ozment, Thomas Glonings German language cookery texts 1350-1896, Ein Buch von guter spise(the book of good food), Inntalkochbuch, and early 16th Century Bavarian cookbook, Medieval Germany Xenia's Medieval Miscellany, Heraldic Flag and Bearer from Augsburg, 1545, Advent 2020 Day 3: 16th century Embroidered Song Books, Advent 2020 Day 2: 16th c Green Silk Knitted Bag, Recreating the Gagiana Barett Knitting Pattern For a Barrett or Flat Cap. In Italy especially, women sought to achieve the light tresses that were viewed as the ideal. In the German states and Bohemia, gowns remained short-waisted, tight-laced but without corsets or stays. Linen caps called coifs were worn under the fur cap, hood or hat. When autocomplete results are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. This proved to be ok but shorter than I wanted for this application. [19][20], A fashionable accessory was the zibellino, the pelt of a sable or marten worn draped at the neck or hanging at the waist; some costume historians call these "flea furs". The fashion spread from there to Italy, and then to France and (eventually) England, where it was called a pair of bodies, being made in two parts which laced back and front. Matthus Schwarz compiled a Klaidungsbchlein or Trachtenbuch (usually translated as "Book of Clothes"), a book cataloguing the clothing that he wore between 1520 and 1560. High quality, handmade, in the style of 15th century Italian fashion. As you can tell, I went for the outrageous and huge. n. d. Web. Partlets (called in German gollers or collars) were worn with the low-cut bodice to cover the neck and shoulders, and were made in a variety of styles. The four corners are then folded into the center where they are sewn to the lining to stabilize them. Unfortunately, there are very few extant pieces, and many details have to be assumed or interpreted from period documents such as inventories or wills, and from art. The final image shows what I believe to be the construction lines with a round piece for the crown and a straight piece that goes around the back from ear to ear. Proto-lampshades. The slashes are about 2 long. She also made pickles and conserves and preserved vegetables. While the fashion of the nobles changed quite a lot between 1000 and 1550, the clothing of the common people, particularly the peasants, changed but slowly. In order to produce loose curls, women wrapped hair saturated in gum arabic or beer around clay curlers. The limitations bounding medieval society were gradually being breached, and the concepts of the Renaissance were being accepted farther west, in France, Flanders, England, and Spain. By Kimberly Chrisman-Campbell Herzog Anton Ulrich Museum If you have suggestions or corrections, pleasecontact us. Bobbin lace arose from passementerie in this period, probably in Flanders,[10] and was used both as an edging and as applied trim; it is called passamayne in English inventories. Toward the middle of the century, shoes became narrower and were shaped naturally to the foot. People expected a higher standard of living, and there was an expanding middle class. The half-length portrait of Katharina Merian, attributed to the German artist Hans Brosamer, is an exemplary painting of German women's fashion of the early 16th century. This hat is worn predominantly by men, usually of the middle or merchant class, but there are some examples of women wearing them. Black velvet partlets lined in white with a high, flared neckline were worn pinned over the gown. To make the crown I cut 21 squares of my face and lining fabric, cut the slashes into the face fabric and sewed them together most of the way around, turned them right side out and sewed the remaining opening closed. Bake at 350 degrees for 25-30 minutes or until tops are slightly browned. Contributors Article History The confessional age, 1555-1648 German society in the later 1500s The changes that resulted from state building and the Reformation yielded little real benefit for ordinary people. The high-waisted gown of the late medieval period evolved in several directions in different parts of Europe. It is seen alone and worn under other hats. Holbein. Alternate baking method: Drop balls into hot oil (I used vegetable, but palm oil would be more historically accurate) Apple Pillows 2 c. flour Beginning in the second half of the 16th century, many men had trimmed tips off of the fingers of gloves in order for the admirer to see the jewels that were being hidden by the glove. A variety of hats were worn in the period. They would be worn draped up to display an underskirt. 1596. I attached the lining crown and base the same way. Touch device users, explore by touch or with swipe gestures. Style in men's and women's footwear was the same in this period. [24] Finally, the appearance of a high forehead was achieved by plucking hairs along the hairline, and severely arching or removing the eyebrows altogether. Mine is a 45 by 100 rectangle. From Portugal, Spain, and . Large brooches were worn to pin overpartlets to the dress beneath. Lower Germany, ca. Finally, over the entire thing is a silk veil. Children of the nobility must have had limited freedom of movement to play and romp because of the restrictive clothing they wore. [1] But the rising power was Charles V, king of Spain, Naples, and Sicily from 1516, heir to the style as well as the riches of Burgundy, and Holy Roman Emperor from 1520. This helps to smooth out the line between the forehead and the back of the headdress. The most expensive zibellini had faces and paws of goldsmith's work with jewelled eyes.[21]. Shop with confidence eBay Money Back Guarantee Get the item you ordered or get your money back. Arming caps have been worn under helmets through history to pad and protect the wearer from the metal. Ad by WhataCostume Ad from shop WhataCostume WhataCostume From shop WhataCostume. The most popular goller was a round shoulder-capelet, frequently of black velvet lined in silk or fur, with a standing neckband; this goller would remain in use in some parts of Germany into the 17th century and became part of national dress in some areas.[15]. From 1530, elements of Spanish dress were rapidly adopted in fashionable Germany under the influence of the imperial court of Charles V.[15]. I stuffed the roll with wool fleece and overlapped the ends to make a circle. And it was a German artist, Albrecht Drer, who introduced the art of Renaissance Italy . My first try was a piece of linen about 25 by 12 at the widest point and tapering to 3 at the ends. Lower-class men wore a one-piece garment called a cotte in English, tight to the waist with knee-length skirts and long sleeves over their hose. The open-fronted gown laced over the kirtle or a stomacher or plackard. The half-length portrait of Katharina Merian, attributed to the German artist Hans Brosamer, is an exemplary painting of German women's fashion of the early 16th century. Historians agree that the later 16th century was, for many, a time of economic hardship and social stress. The buckram and wire piece is then inserted through the center hole. In the first half of the 16th century, German dress varied widely from the costume worn in other parts of Europe. In particular, the clothing of the Low Countries, German states, and Scandinavia developed in a different direction than that of England, France, and Italy, although all acknowledged the sobering and formal influence of Spanish dress after the mid-1520s. The inflow of gold and silver from the New World into recently united Spain changed the dynamics of trade throughout Western Europe, ushering in a period of increased opulence in clothing that was tempered by the Spanish taste for sombre richness of dress that would dominate the second half of the century. In the 18th century, Paris was the centre of the intellectual ferment known as the Enlightenment . These were often decorated with bands of embroidery or applied passementerie. In addition to the outer curve I cut a piece about 6 by 1.5 from the inside curve of the circle. The style called "mantua" was inspired by the clothing of the Middle East. Venetian Fashion in the 16th Century Costume-renters were some of the most prosperous business owners in 16th-century Venice. Funny thing about how I made mine I did it wrong the first time. Check out our 16th century germany selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shops. 4 Feb 2013. This is how Baltic Germans dressed in the 16th century. I stiffened the edge with wire I had in the garage, I dont know the gauge or composition, by encasing the wire in bias tape and sewing to the buckram. The wulsthaube was worn by women of all classes, often alone but sometimes under a tellerbarret. A mantua was fuller than the old style but could be belted for a neat fit. Apr 12, 2021 - Explore Sandra Linehan's board "16th Century (Mostly) German Clothing", followed by 236 people on Pinterest. Silk brocades and velvets in bold floral patterns based on pomegranate and thistle or artichoke motifs remained fashionable for those who could afford them, although they were often restricted to kirtles, undersleeves and doublets revealed beneath gowns of solid-coloured fabrics or monochromatic figured silks. The gown fastened in front early, sometimes lacing over the kirtle or a stomacher, and the skirt might be slit in front or the train tucked up in back to display the skirt of the kirtle. Red lips and rosy cheeks were achieved primarily through the application of vermilion; ceruse mixed with organic dyes such as henna and cochineal (a powder made from the ground exoskeleton of insects). Costume in the first half of the 16th century, Style gallery German States and the Low Countries 1500s1520s, Style gallery German States and the Low Countries 1530s1540s, Style gallery Italy and Spain 1500s1520s, Style gallery Italy and Iberia 1530s1540s, Style gallery England and France 1500s1520s, Lester, Katherine and Rose Kerr, "Historic Costume" Chas. I was happily surprised by how well everything sticks together with just a few well placed tucks. A legendary Parisian fashion museum, the Palais Galliera is housed in the palace of the Duchess of Galliera, who in 1978 decided to build a museum that could host the collections of art she envisaged coming to the Paris scene. My adornment includes both natural and dyed ostrich feathers, a couple peacock feathers, and various medallions. The schlappe is an arming cap most often seen worn by the Landsknecht mercenaries and lower class men. Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. There are examples of multiple splits which I believe adapted with the schlappe into the starfish hat. Wenceslaus Hollar who published over two thousand drawings, was a 17th century engraver who was born in Prague, and spent most of his career in England. I assembled it and cut slashes around the brow line then lined it with the same three piece pattern cut from linen. "Good overall condition, some yellowing of the paper, and age spots, You will receive the item ". Urban society in 15th-century Germany was concentrated in some 3,000 cities and towns. The overgown was ankle length early in the period, but knee-length overgowns were fashionable in the 1530s and 1540s. A simple rounded hood of the early years of the century evolved into the French hood, popular in both France and England; its arched shape sat further back on the head and displayed the front hair which was parted in the center and pinned up in braids or twists under the veil. Buchner, Ernst. [25] Although at this time, women could not cosmetologically alter the symmetry of their face, or the structure of their nose in order to obtain the ideal, the products available allowed them to come close. Choose from 16th Century Germany stock illustrations from iStock. Of the remainder, no more than 15 cities contained more than 10,000 inhabitants. 1680-1700 A new style emerged in clothing construction for women's garments. In these examples there appear to be a couple different cut and construction options. See more ideas about historical clothing, historical costume, renaissance fashion. These garments were often decorated with embroidery in black or red silk, and occasionally with gold metal threads if the garment was meant to be flashier of ones wealth. [18] Hats became fashionable in England as an alternative to the hood toward the 1540s. Late in the period, fashionable young men wore a plain gold ring, a jewelled earring, or a strand of black silk through one pierced ear. When you see trousers with a highlighted codpiece, be sure that it's the 1500s. Taking medieval gender history and the history of the body as its starting point, it examines the formation of a Western European identity in the 16th century, and the formation of aristocratic (and . Next up was the unterhaube. The Timeline offers scholarly contributions to the public knowledge of the history of fashion and design. The upper class appears to have used finer wools and silks, and in addition to feathers the hats were embellished with brooches, medallions, embroidery and pearls. Broad, squared toes were worn early, and were replaced by rounded toes in the 1530s. The headdress was made of multiple parts; an unterhaube, the wulst, and the stuechlien. I have seen examples with what appears to be another piece of fabric between the unterhaube/wulst and the stuechlein. Collars were higher and tighter. Partlets of the same rich fabric as the bodice of the gown give the appearance of a high-necked gown. Photo: Georg Janen. Print. The trousers used by high-class men in Germany in the 16th century were called "oberschenkelhose". Contrasting fabrics, slashes, embroidery, applied trims, and other forms of surface ornamentation became prominent. Online Discussion. I cut a 5x30 piece from the same linen as the lining, sewed it into a tube, stuffed it with poly-fill batting, and sewed the ends to each other to make a circle. First-time brides wore their hair loose, in token of virginity, and a wreath or chaplet of orange blossoms was traditional. I cut two matching side pieces and a center strip that goes from brow to neck from mid-weight wool. German women adopted hats like fashionable men's baretts early in the century; these were worn over caps or cauls (colettes) made of netted cord over a silk lining. Privacy Policy (function (w,d) {var loader = function () {var s = d.createElement("script"), tag = d.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.src="https://cdn.iubenda.com/iubenda.js"; tag.parentNode.insertBefore(s,tag);}; if(w.addEventListener){w.addEventListener("load", loader, false);}else if(w.attachEvent){w.attachEvent("onload", loader);}else{w.onload = loader;}})(window, document); The Fashion History Timeline is a project by FITs History of Art Department. Scholars, judges, doctors, and other professionals retained the ankle length gown throughout the period. Print. Not all cosmetics were dangerous, many women relied on lotions and balms containing almonds, olive oil, lemon juice, bread crumbs, eggs, honey, rosewater and snake fat to clarify and cleanse the skin. It was a typical detail that we can see in portraits from this period. That's because Venetians with means did not want to be seen wearing the same thing twice. The newly wealthy merchant classes who were not aristocrats could not wear jewellery on their clothing or fabrics restricted to nobles. Skirts were cut separately from bodices, though often were sewn together, and the open-fronted gown laced over a kirtle with a wide band of rich fabric, often jeweled and embroidered, across the bust. A jeweled wreath with enameled "orange blossoms" was sometimes worn. However, not all women or men were allowed to wear jewellery because of the sumptuary laws that restricted wearing certain types of jewellery and luxurious fabrics, such as purple velvet, to first royalty and then nobility. [7] Small geometric patterns appeared early in the period and, in England, evolved into the elaborate patterns associated with the flowering of blackwork embroidery. Rather than cutting the bodice and skirt separately, then sewing them together, gowns were now cut from shoulder to hem. The focus is medieval tapestries and embroideries, clothing from the early modern period. And the main and most curious detail of these pants was a codpiece. Narrow sleeves were worn in the earliest years of the century, and were later decorated with bands of contrasting fabric and rows of small panes or strips over puffed linings. Log in, Building a research library on the topic of 16th century Germany, Timeline of Events and Fashions in the Germanic Lands 15th and 16th centuries , http://www.artcyclopedia.com/nationalities/German.html, http://www.artcyclopedia.com/history/northern-renaissance.html, http://eredsul.org/earl_mike/FlamePeace/AOPSeptBatch/wukpatterns.htm, Patterns of Fashion, The cut and construction of clothes for men and women c 1560-1620 by Janet Arnold, ISBN 0333382846, Tailors Pattern Book 1589, by Juan de Alcega, translated by Jean Pain and Cecilia Bainton.

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