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Anal Bioanal Chem. This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. Forensic Sci Int 283:e13e17. Entomotoxicology also investigates the effects caused by such substances on arthropod development in order to assist the forensic PMI estimates [1]. Dr. William Brewer, founder and CEO of DPX Technologies, recently participated in an expert led panel discussion on alternative matrices in forensic toxicology. Forensic entomotoxicology studies the usefulness of insects as alternative toxicological samples. PubMed Central https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334416648110, Frguls B, Joya X, Garca-Algar O, Palls CR, Vall O, Pichini S (2010) A comprehensive review of assay methods to determine drugs in breast milk and the safety of breastfeeding when taking drugs. Korean J Intern Med 24:110. It is critical to keep in. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2012.10.002(open access article), Ryan SA, Ammerman SD, OConnor ME, Committee on substance use and prevention and section on breastfeeding (2018) Marijuana use during pregnancy and breastfeeding: implications for neonatal and childhood outcomes. Entomotoxicology in burnt bodies: a case of maternal filicide-suicide by fire. The excretion of substances into HBM depends on physicochemical characteristics of the compound, including molecular weight, ionization degree (pKa) and the solubility in lipids as well as the pH of milk (6.56.8) [140]. H . Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology. Correspondence to For instance, THC, the major psychoactive compound of cannabis, has low molecular weight and high pKa value, is lipid soluble and 99% is protein bound. Would you like email updates of new search results? https://t.co/G4uocG4ezk#pipettelife #clinicaltesting #chromatography pic.twitter.com/Xx92GDM5yk, US Headquarters: 19 Technology Circle Columbia, SC 29203, West Coast: 9800 Campus Point Drive Suite 20 San Diego, CA 92121, 2019 DPX Technologies | All Rights Reserved |, Retrospective Analysis of Selected Opioids in Hair of Workplace Drug Testing Subjects, A Rapid Assay for Simultaneous Determination of Nicotine, Cocaine and Metabolites in Meconium. However, direct immunoassays such as radioimmune analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) can also be performed in this matrix [76], although confirmatory analysis relying on traditional techniques may be required. Other studies in the literature reported findings regarding THC and its metabolite distribution into VH in agreement with these observations [170, 198]. Biomed Chromatogr 22:795821. PubMed Central https://doi.org/10.4155/bio-2018-0160, Allen KR (2011) Screening for drugs of abuse: which matrix, oral fluid or urine? Two surveys evaluated the effect of maternal marijuana use while breastfeeding, and they found that infants exposed to marijuana were slightly smaller and had decreased points in motor scores, but marijuana use during pregnancy might have caused confounded results [143, 144]. Sweat can also be tested for drug monitoring in psychiatric outpatient service and recovering drug addicts. Forensic Sci Int 217:189195. Bushby SK, Thomas N, Priemel PA, Coulter CV, Rades T, Kieser JA. On the other hand, if a drug is likely to bind to proteins, it should not be expected in VH [154]. They performed protein precipitation followed by online extraction using 0.2mL of sample, achieving lower LOQs than ELISAs LODs for THC-COOH and adequate absolute recoveries [139]. We searched the database of articles in the Journal of Analytical Toxicology to find references that use XTR tips for solid phase extraction with these other alternative matrices. With this regard, the recent studies are usually focused in analyze different classes of NPS using small volumes of oral fluid [37,38,39]. Use of insects as alternative matrix for drug detection is well documented and recommended when conventional matrices such as blood, urine or internal organs are no longer available. J Med Toxicol 13:287292. https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2015-0516, Himes SK, Dukes KA, Tripp T, Petersen JM, Raffo C, Burd L, Odendaal H, Elliott AJ, Hereld D, Signore C, Willinger M, Huestis MA (2015) Clinical sensitivity and specificity of meconium fatty acid ethyl ester, ethyl glucuronide, and ethyl sulfate for detecting maternal drinking during pregnancy. Sweat can be collected by wiping the skin with gauze, cotton, filter paper or plastic materials [82]. Forensic Toxicology J Anal Toxicol 45:6975. Curr Neuropharmacol 16:8496. Clin Chem 55:19101931. J Anal Toxicol 42:661666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.10.015, Solimini R, Minutillo A, Kyriakou C, Pichini S, Pacifici R, Busardo FP (2018) Nails in forensic toxicology: an update. Then, the preliminary extract is subjected to clean-up to promote analyte pre-concentration. Several clinical studies about infant exposure through breastfeeding are summarized in Drugs and Lactation Database [147]. One of the goals of forensic toxicology is to apply approaches of analytical chemistry, toxicology and pharmacology forinvestigating compounds of forensic interest in samples collected in casework including death investigations, driving under the influence of substances, doping control, drug-facilitated crimes and more. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo10100381(open access article), Miolo G, Tucci M, Menilli L, Stocchero G, Vogliardi S, Scrivano S, Montisci M, Favretto D (2018) A study on photostability of amphetamines and ketamine in hair irradiated under artificial sunlight. Investigating the Force Relative to Blood Stain Size and Spatter Pattern. 2001 Aug 15;120(1-2):42-7. doi: 10.1016/s0379-0738(01)00418-2. Reasons for the current limitations, but also recommendations for future research are discussed and proposed in this paper. CAS For this reason, modern advancements in instruments technology have made possible the exploration and analysis of alternative matrices; modern and sensitive instrumentsare enabling the detection of lower concentrations of drugs and poisons in some of these alternative specimens [1]. [172]. [164], THC and THC-COOH were detected in three cases in whole blood specimens but not in VH. Sustain Chem Pharm 20:100388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scp.2021.100388, Article Forensic Sci Int 234:e14e20. While hydrophilic composition represents the largest portion of this fluid, hydrophobic content may consist of less than 1% of sweat fraction, being mainly derived from sebum and apocrine secretion [77]. [119] concluded that maternal alcohol consumption at 19weeks or more was better represented by meconium EtG levels equal toor higher than 30ng/g rather than currently used FAEE cut-offs. Birth Defects Res Part A Clin Mol Teratol 82:487493. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/24.7.509(open access article), Clark DA (1977) Times of first void and first stool in 500 newborns. Clin Obstet Gynecol 56:202211. In human performance toxicology, a dose-response relationship between a drug(s) present in the body and the effects on the body are examined. 2020, Academic Journal of Forensic Sciences. Clin Chem 51:20852094. This review focuses on the current knowledge of factors influencing drug detection in insects. The INTip solid phase extraction product line includes XTR tips and XTR tips offered on the largest range of pipetting platforms. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.01.013, Savini F, Tartaglia A, Coccia L, Palestini D, DOvidio C, de Grazia U, Merone GM, Bassotti E, Locatelli M (2020) Ethanol determination in post-mortem samples: correlation between blood and vitreous humor concentration. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Some studies reported cases of infant cocaine intoxication through breast milk presenting acute effects as agitation and seizures, neonatal abstinence syndrome in cases of opioid intoxication, andsedation and breast sucking difficulty due to exposure to cannabis [145, 146]. Then, in this case, there is a recommendation that meconium collection should be performed until 24h after birth [124]. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a071462, Szeto HH (1993) Kinetics of drug transfer to the fetus. The absence of THC-COOH according to ELISA would mean that there was no recent consumption of cannabis, while a highly sensitive technique showed the opposite result, suggestingthe possibility of infant exposure [139]. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bky030(open access article), Hubbard JA, Navarrete AL, Fitzgerald RL, McIntyre IM (2021) Acidic drug concentrations in postmortem vitreous humor and peripheral blood. Popular works include Effect of heroin in decomposing tissues on the development rate of Boettcherisca peregrina (Diptera, Sarcophagidae) and implications of this effect on estimation of postmortem intervals using arthropod development patterns., Effect . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2015.09.009, Ferreira C, Paulino C, Quintas A (2019) Extraction procedures for hair forensic toxicological analysis: a mini-review. Estimated limit of quantitation for heroin and metabolites was 2.5ng/patch [96]. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2008.108670(open access article), Mart-lamo S, Mancheno-Franch A, Marzal-Gamarra C, Carlos-Fabuel L (2012) Saliva as a diagnostic fluid. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.04.007, Kwon NH, Lee YR, Kim HS, Cheong JC, Kim JY (2019) Hybrid solid-phase extraction for selective determination of methamphetamine and amphetamine in dyed hair by using gas chromatographymass spectrometry. [222] have also detected the NPS 4-fluoroamphetamine in cerumen specimens. For this reason, it is of paramount importance to investigate the presence of a given drug in biological fluids collected from the individual in a suspected-intoxication case, since this would be important evidence of drug intake. It is believed that the volume of sweat perspired daily by the whole body of an individual can amount to between 300 and 700mL, under normal environmental conditions [74,75,76]. https://doi.org/10.4155/bio-2020-0155, Behpour M, Nojavan S, Asadi S, Shokri A (2020) Combination of gel-electromembrane extraction with switchable hydrophilicity solvent-based homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography for the extraction and determination of antidepressants in human serum, breast milk and wastewater. Forensic Sci Int 151:139149. J Anal Toxicol 40:187193. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkw048(open access article), McIntyre IM, Trochta A, Gary RD, Malamatos M, Lucas JR (2015) An acute acetyl fentanyl fatality: a case report with postmortem concentrations. For example, the Organization of Scientific Area Committees for Forensic Science (OSAC) recommend research on alternative matrices for the improvement of forensic toxicology [225]. Scribd is the world's largest social reading and publishing site. Front Chem. PubMed An official website of the United States government. J Forensic Sci 65:17841790. Ther Drug Monit 38:634639. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-015-9247-4, Mantinieks D, Gerostamoulos D, Wright P, Drummer O (2018) The effectiveness of decontamination procedures used in forensic hair analysis. Ther Drug Monit 40:166185. 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Forensic Sci Int 256:4245. It is also noteworthy that the noninvasive and easy collection of this sample and the importance of the analytical results complement the information from self-reports [134, 135]. J Anal Toxicol 34:312318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2016.04.036, Burgueo MJ, Alonso A, Snchez S (2016) Amphetamines and cannabinoids testing in hair: evaluation of results from a two-year period. Accessed 10 Jun 2021, Kidwell DA, Smith FP (2001) Susceptibility of PharmChekTM drugs of abuse patch to environmental contamination. 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